Time

17.12.2017
Wheelers delayed choice experiment and
Third polarizer experiment, can only be explained by assuming that movement of photons will be in an indeterminate state, between certain points of it's travel path.

Say a photon coming to us is split into two entangled parts one part travels opposite direction away from earth, the other part toward earth. Now until we observers, the photon is in limbo.

I don't know yet the exact solution but have a feeling that the solution will have following qualities. Time is either fully or partially man made. Einstein's spooky action at distance, is because the flow of time has in that case. This may be due to inability of the concept of time to fall in line, or due to the fact time is man made and there are holes that cannot be patched.
We need to answer the question that action of celestial objects, for example the shining moon, and us seeing it cannot be explained without the concept of time. Flowing of a river and changes it makes to earth cannot depend upon a human being. The cause and effect of celestial bodies cannot depend on man. But the cause and effect of a marble striking another and movement of the second marble due to the impact, may be man made.
In Wheelers delayed choice experiment, when the observer is watching photon behaves like a particle and not watching behaves like a wave. The reason may be man made time flows when watching-it behaves like a particle and when not watching time flow stops and behave like a wave. This may be a perfect solution to the problem.

Then probability may be a part of it like in quantum mechanics. Probability of time flowing back can get externally slim as more and more events happen in a chain of events. Therefore we may have the concept of time. And man had imposed more of it's own concepts on top of the flow of time.

Apple falling from a tree, even if we want we can't reverse the direction. Therefore something is happening other than man. But the accelerator of falling may be a concept of man.

21.12.2017
A new idea struck me. Special Relativity involves only, bodies that are in uniform motion, no acceleration. If you think carefully, does uniform motion involves time. The concept of time is not necessary for uniform motion. Say a ball is in uniform motion. Well how do you  know it? We see that it moves in an uniform way. Still how do you it definitely? We make measurements. Isn't it that  when making measurements you disturb the uniform motion? So there is no uniform motion. Therefore bodies that move uniformly are irreverent to us. In bodies that move uniformly there is no flow of time. Time flows only when uniform motion is disturbed. It may be difficult to separate the two that is why we think time is an universal entity. Lot of recent experiments show that our upstanding of time is wrong. Polarisation(effect of the third polarizer, between two crossed polarizers), entangled particles, Wheeler's delayed choice experiment etc. To explain most of these phenomena we need messaging at infinite velocities. Infinite velocities is not necessary, if we adopt a different concept for time.

22.12.2017

Can time exist without counting. Counting is an integral part of time. But counting is man made. It is not a natural phenomena. You need numbers for counting. Numbers are man made.

Take two events, a photon is emitted from a source, until it is absorbed in another location, we can't say what happens in between. When it is observed by an observer, we know that time has passed between those two events. We need some type of a counter and a repetitive set of events to do this.
Within every two events there exists a set of other events and if you take any two events, from the set there will be another set of events. This is the usual definition of time.
But there are holes in this definition.
Let us examine what an world event is. It can be defined as when a force carrier particle like photon interact with another particle. When a photon moves from one place to another, assuming that it exists throughout the the full movement range, leads to lot of anomalies, like entangled particles and polarisation. What we can say is the photon was emitted at one place, and received at another place. Only after receiving we can say it travelled a time, distance divided by velocity of light. Though it can be theorized that photon exists in between, experimentally no such detection can be made. Detection will halt the motion.
If the above definition is correct there can be only a finite number of events fore a finite number of particles. Therefore you cannot go on indefinitely finding event sets within event sets.
This means there is no flow of time.

24.12.2017
Time and world events are related. Light emitted from an exited atom and then absorbed by another atom is a set (or two)of such events. We can define before and after by defining emitting is before and and absorbing is after.Then a series of repetitive events happen in between, say we can't identify before and after of these event set, but we can count the number of events. There is a correlation between this count and time taken for a photon to travel from the emitter to the absorber. Then when we analyze the repetitive event we need one reference point, to start and another to identify change,(without another there will be no change). Then there will be other repetitive events that can be counted, within a single, first mentioned, repetitive event. Regarding a repetitive event, how do you know something repeats? It will at least need one a matching mechanism then it will need memory. The memory will keep some information, and then the matching mechanism will match, the current information with that is in memory. It will flag only when a match is found. This algorithm might need more than this. But at least it need these.
But isn't we are referring to human mind to do this matching. So can time exist without human mind?
This system can go deep, but not indefinitely, because there are only limited particles in the universe.
Time is this system, therefore it is not a single isolated independent concept. It is made up of several concepts. Humans have learned to link these different concepts and created the concept of time. If TIME is properly analysed it can explain current thorny issues in physics. Linking relativity to quantum theory, explaining entangled particles and polarisation.
Einstein's special relativity states time is not universal but depends on reference frames. In a single reference frame time is uniform and same to all points and events happening in that reference frame. It need to go further. Time will be uniform and same to each different set of related events. It is different to different sets of events. That is why we see anomalies in explaining, entangled particle events, like delayed choice experiment, instant messaging of entangled particles, cross polarizer in three polarizer experiment etc.

26.12.2017
Counting - is it a universal entity that was not created by man. It is true in modern technology we can't live without counting. But historically it was not a necessity,  people lived long ago without counting. Mathematics is a creation not a discovery, Wittgenstein. Similarly repetitive events are not discovered, but created. Well works rotating, is it created or discovered.  Rotation existed before man. Man discovered something that existed. Or is it not? Is it a creation. Think deep of rotation. There are more qualities to it than we simply imagine.

Analogy of how brain analysed time. Suppose you go by car in a road for the first time, you will remember only very prominent land marks. For instance if you try to give directions to someone you can't, you may be able to say about prominent land marks only. But after going several times on the road, when you see land marks you will remember that you had seen it before in the road. But still you will not remember the order they appear. When you gain more experience going in that road, you will remember the order, and you will be able to clearly explain someone else directions.(Though this may not relevant- if you walk on the road instead going by car, you will remember in lesser trips).
This may be true for world time. Time may consist two concepts, one the events them the order of events. These are two independent concepts, that are combined to give the sense if time.

Time Trap

Time dilation verses time trap. Both can achieve the same result of moving clocks runs slower. Time trap may achieve it without the paradoxes.

In time dilation clock moving at speed v will run slower. In time trap some time is lost when the moving clock gains speed from zero to v, and then again when it decelerate. When measurement is made, moving clock has run slower. Anyway a proper measurement can be made only when both clocks are stationary in respect to each other. The drawback of this system is, the time dilation will be independent of the length of traveling.
But time trap may be possible to explain time dilation due to relativity and General Relativity.
What is the experimental result of time dilation and the duration of movement?

Time invariant systems

When a system do not absorb photons or emit photons, that system is time invariant. Take Brownian motion, here cause and effect do not exist.we can't say atom A struck atom B, and then B struck C. Here there is no flow of time. Electrons bound to an atom is the same, in it there is no flow of time. That's why we refer to the electron as a probability wave or cloud. Time is invariant to what happens there.

Then consider two entangled photons or electrons, there is no flow of time within the system of two electrons or photons. This system breaks when the spin of one electron is measured. Until the measurement there is no flow. So even is the two electrons are far apart, since there was no flow of time, to the system they are together. Since when the system started they were together, and ended when the measurement is made they are together.

Time has two aspects, one is man made. Our brains have created the concept of time. We see that when marble A strikes marble B, B starts to move. Our brain sees that the strike happened before and causes the movement of B started after that. Then you will ask explosion of a supernova, is it happens in our brain. We sees the moon shine dies that happen in our brain. In these cases there is a flow of time.

For time to flow the system should be unstable. There should be an outflow of energy. Therefore it is not possible to reverse it, they is only one way flow.

So events of time is partly made by brain. Other part out flow of energy gives the direction of flow. The brain, our teachings or upbringing and may be also our genes gives us the direction of flow of time.

Loosely coupled Time

The time as we understand is very tightly coupled. That is well defined. In other words before and after is well defined. We know for sure which happened first and which happens next. But it's it? Quantum theory disputes it. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that you can never simultaneously know the exact position and the exact speed of an object. Then time is not tightly defined or it is loosely defined.

The principal I propose is, we cannot exactly state which happened first and which happened next. But, we can state a loosely coupled set of events happen first and before another loosely coupled set of events.

Time is a loose concept. Our brains makes it well defined.

Special Relativity attempts to make time and also space well defined. It tries to give formulas to couple what happened in one frame by another moving frame.
Quantum theory approach is different, it accepts that time is not well defined.  The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the Schrödinger's cat is simultaneously alive 
and dead. The problem is, tightly defined concept of simultaneous.

Suppose the concept of time is something cooked in our brains, we can ask how can we see a star explodes to become a supernova and then a black hole. It is not correct to say time does not exist at all. Time is loosely  coupled, therefore, these happenings, from a star to supernova and then black hole, we cannot say which happens first, but this set of events happened before some other set of events.

Ignored factors on speed of light

It is an excepted fact that speed of light is constant in vacuum. It's it correct? I find following factors are ignored. In physics the word speed is rarely mentioned accept in special relativity. The usual word is velocity. Velocity is speed with direction. Speed of a car is mentioned when the car travels in an irregular route, dividing the distance traveled from the time taken. Speed is a loose concept, most physics equations have velocity.

It is an accepted fact that speed of light varies with the medium. It is slower in air than in vacuum, then much slower in water. According to quantum theory vacuum is not wholly void. Dark matter and dark energy can also be present. To use in an universal theory like special relativity, it should be more constant.

So far all accurate measurement of speed of light was done by measuring light from a fixed source and a fixed observer, with no displacement between the source and observer. Michelson interferometer is used to prove nonexistence of a medium to transport electromagnetic waves. It also proves that light had a fixed velocity when the source and observer are fixed, but both moves in unison.

It is a fundamental mistake to jump into the conclusion that speed of light is  constant everywhere. For instance light coming from the sun when it moves towards us may be faster than when it moves out. These need to be checked before coming to a conclusion.

Red shift of stars may be explained by time dilation and length contraction, but a simpler explanation may be variance of velocity of light. (It may not be exotic, it may be mundane, and it may be correct)

In explanations of special relativity observer and source of light are very loosely defined. For instance in the explanation of lightning striking at two ends of the train, the source can be fixed to the platform or may be moving with the train. These two factors are irrelevant to the outcome of the thought experiment.
Further the observer on the platform sees the two lighting strikes are simultaneous, but for the observer on the train the lightning in front occurs before the lightning the rear. This can be explained by light from front travels faster than the light from rear. Special relativity uses time dilation and length contraction to explain this. But is it necessary? There can't be a correlation between the two observers because each observer sees different set of photons in there respective observations.

Velocity of light may be constant with respect of the source, irrespective of it's movement. But in special relativity it is loosely defined, that it is constant both to source and observer irrespective to the movement between the observer and source. The reason that it will give contradictions is, it is possible to have multiple observers that move relative to each other and observing the same source(say different persons who move about each other looking at the sun ). Then how can it be speed of light is constant between each pair?

It may be difficult but not impossible to measure velocity of light that come from moving stars. This measurement should be pure. In this measurement you cannot use mirrors, because the source can shift to the mirror. A photon is emitted when electron changes it's obit. This photon is related to the atom that emits it. We need to see velocity of this photon by a moving observer. If the photon is disturbed in any way the source might shift, therefore we need to be careful in this measurement. I feel most of the measurements done up to now has ignored this factor.

Measuring speed of light

From all hetero known phenomena that travels, light is the fastest. Therefore it is not possible to measure speed of light using other methods. Only light can be used to measure it. What can be done is to mirror back a bean of light and measure the time taken to travel the known distance. This is the usual methods employed in all scientific measurement of speed of light. This is employed in the famous Michelson Morally experiment that predicts speed of light is constant everywhere irrespective of your moment at constant speeds.

But there is a contradiction in applying this. Say a light ray coming from sun, if it travels towards me at constant speed c, that ray before reaching me need to know me speed. Say I am traveling at speed v at the time the ray started to be emitted from sun, then the ray should be traveling at speed c irrespective me speed v. Suppose all is good so far, but if I change my speed to v', how does the ray know to travel towards me at speed c without knowing I have changed my speed. Forget reference frames and special relativity for a moment, my change of speed from v to v', should bring out some sort of change in the photon to keep it at the same speed c, before and after the change. The photon need to know the change I made to my speed, or else it is not to change it's speed. So a signal at infinite speed need to communicate the change to the photon.
It is important to point out that in all light measuring apparatus, an observer is involved at the time the photon is emitted and when the final measurement is made. That way the message of observer speed is indirectly passed on to the photon. So we may be able to assume that whenever an observer is involved in measuring speed of light, it has a constant speed c relative to the observer.

Then what can we say about a ray of light coming from the sun. What we can say is that it is un-measurable.

Special Relativity - plus

It is an expected assumption that velocity of light is constant to all observers, irrespective of the fact they move at different velocities with respect to each other.
Special relativity was introduced to solve the anomalies that arise from the fact of constant speed of light. This solution incorporates controversial principals like, time dilation, length contraction etc. This also leads to more controversial predictions like time travel etc. But Special Relativity gives rise to many contradictions, one is twin paradox, another is, if moving clocks runs slower, when two clocks moves relative to each other, which one is slow relative to the other?

There are other explanations that could explain consistency of speed of light without Special Relativity. Further in the light of new thought experiments,   Wheeler's delayed choice experiment and Bell's inequalities, and after having experimental proof of these, I also have some thought experiments that can give other dimensions to this question.

Carefully consider the consistency of speed of light. Say there is a source of light and there are two observers. One observer is stationary to the source of light and the other is moving towards the source. One important fact ignored in special relativity experiments is that each observer will see a different set of photons from the same source of light. These two sets are fully independent and we cannot draw conclusions based in correlating the observations of each different observer. Having said that, it should be pointed that special relativity treats light only as waves. Most of the predictions of special relativity can be accepted if we treat light as electromagnetic waves not photons as in quantum theory. Now both observers, the stationary one and the moving one, should see that speed of light from the source as the constant c. This is strange, how can this happen? The photon needs to know the velocity of the observer! The photon needs to know it at the time it leaves the source. But at the time the photon leaves the source, it definitely don't know which observer it will be observed. In fact it will have to know the velocity of all potential observers. But it cannot move with multiple velocities to suit each observer. Stranger than that what will happen when an observer change it's velocity. To change velocity acceleration will come into the scene. This, I presume, is related to General Relativity. Then each photon in the universe will need to know all velocities of the observers and on top of that will have to know all accelerations of the observers.

Observer

In special relativity there is no traveling observer. They is only stationary observer. Traveling observer leads to twin paradox. Special relativity treats the twin paradox trivially. This is a mistake. Because of this mistake, all sorts of mythology has crept into science, or rather physics. It's like alchemy to chemistry. Time travel, many worlds theory etc. These leads to lot of contradictions. It may be good for fiction but not for science. What we need are good solid answers, these concepts are really flimsy. They are not practical no experiential proof is available.

Special Relativity treats both stationary observer and traveling observer as same. That they have same qualities, this is done without any proof. For instance first proof of special relativity mu-meson falling from the sky, it trys to treat that their is an observer in mu-meson, as well as the stationary observer sitting on earth. This is not practical, there is no clock that falls with mu-meson.

Special relativity treats as there are clocks everywhere, each point do space have a different clock and worse than that these clocks are all synchronised. Then the traveling observer also have a different set of clocks that travels with him, and each point in space has a different clock and they are all synchronised with the traveling observer. These assumptions are not practical, and don't have experimental proof, which results in twin paradox.

According to quantum theory when an observer is present things behave very differently. Photons when we observe behave like particles, when not behaves like waves. Special relativity is based on velocity of light, so, the same theory should be applied. Moving observer with a light clock, observing the stationary observer, will not see the same as the, stationary observer. One observer sees waves - with special relativity, other observer sees particles - without relativity. Therefore traveling clock will run slower to a stationary observer. But when the traveling clock also have an observer, either light behaves completely like a particle and light will not have constant velocity to both observers or to one of the observer (more study necessary to find out the circumstances) it behaves like a wave and particle to the other observer. Another important factor is it is known that doplar effect is seen in living light sources. This also should be taken into account.

This explanation can explain twin paradox.

Future Education of mathematics

Subjects taught at school to children should change to suit current time. Specially mathematics. My son wanted help in calculating square root, I have completely forgotten how to do it, whenever necessity I use the calculator. Even some of the multiplication table are forgotten, long division can vaguely remember but able to guess out hire to do it.

We use modern calculators to do these. Even solving liner equations, finding x and y when two equations of x and y are given, is trivial four modern calculators.

We need to change how we teach maths to students. My son is dyslexic he need a calculator to do maths, we didn't force him, strangely enough he is getting a special interest in maths(the only subject he is interested in). Like that there will be lot of students who will learn maths if calculators are given at tender age.

Since the future is electronic calculators let them learn how it works. Binary numbers and mathematics by binary numbers. What are binary, digital, hexadecimal numbers and how to convert.

Another important field for future is cryptography. For four ordinary level you can teach what are hash functions. There uses and how to calculate. Then fit advance level, public and private keys and introduction for bitcoin. At degree level crypto currencies and blockchain technologies. Then smart contracts. How crypto currency nodes operate.

Entropy Time data compression

If only one of anything or everything exist then nothing exist! Existent needs many. Then only verification of existence can be done. If the many is 100% uniform, then again nothing exist. For existence there should be information, there should be data. If it is uniform there is no data.

The same lack of information and data is shown when everything is 100% random.

Therefore the physical world should exist between these two extremes. In any system entropy can only increase. Randomness and disorder increases then entropy increases.

Imagine two sides one side completely uniform and the other side completely random. There exists a border between these two. This border is the real world. Time is the movement of this border.This border will move from uniform to the side of random.

In the border towards random side the percentage of randomness increases. Towards uniform side uniformness increases.

Suppose the real world consists of only partials and there are no energy waves like photons or electromagnetic waves that travel at c. Then we see the border of real world and uniform part, moves towards the the uniform part. Kinetic energy of particles will spread towards the uniform part, keeping the total energy constant, but high energy particles reduce and low energy particles will not only increase but add more particles from static to moving.

Bell's inequalities indicates that true randomness exist. In true random there are no information. Information when it exist can be compressed by removing duplicates.When everything is uniform then again there is no information. When a harddisk is formatted there is no information in it and all particles are aligned in a single direction. The other extreme is randomising all particles of the disk-this also results in no information.

Mistake and Certainty

Wittgenstein speaks a lot about a mistake in his notes about Certainty. May be the German to English translation is not so good, if took sometime for me to see what is ment by it.

2+2=4 is a rule, you cannot prove it.We are taught that it is correct. Wittgenstein speaks about "war would be a mistake here like?" We find 2+2=4 is always true and never wrong. It is difficult to understand, what is this mistake all about. This example will show it: 2+2=5, well it is wrong, but how do you know it is wrong? If it's a rule we can't prove it, also we can't disprove it. Here is how mistake will come, say we give this formula as correct to a math student to remember. Say he don't know whether it is true or false. He will try it in real life. Here finds each time when he appalys this rule a mistake is made.  He adds two apples to another two apples he should get 5 as per rule but in reality he gets 4. This is the mistake referred by Wittgenstein. When we think wrong rules as correct we get mistakes.

World is made up with rules like 2+2=4, not only mathematical but also physical, like length and time. These rules cannot be proved. It is a build up in the human brain, from birth onwards. So qualities like space and time are made up by us. These cannot be said to be made up 100% by our brains. Suppose we want some quality that we want but don't physically exist, we can't create it in the mind and feel those qualities. So there is a fine difference. We cannot create qualities, but the qualities that exist are created by us. These qualities have a consensus among everyone. So, is it correct to say some quality that don't exist if everyone except, it becomes real? Another thing is you should not forget this"everyone" should include nonhuman entities - observers.

Knowledge and observer consensus

On certainty by Wittgenstein, a similar idea is put forward. When everyone accepts a certain fact as true, it it's true. By logic you can't prove that a fact is true. Because there will be train of facts. One is true because some other fact is true, that fact this fact is true because even another fact is true. So there is no end(some say God is the end-but that is not logic). For instance how do you know that 2+2=4? We can't prove it, by experience know it. We are taught it is correct, when we are small. In Wittgenstein's words we have never made a mistake, 2+2=4 was always correct never wrong. So we know that it is correct.

TIME is the same. It is artificial, man made, when everyone comes to a conscientious, we all accept the flow of time.

This is very similar to the conscientious of crypto miners regarding accepting transactions to be inserted in the blockchain. They will reject transactions that are not in conformity with standards created by the crypto community. This is very similar to a scientist reading some new idea in the internet, if the idea is mostly in conformity with the accepted norms he will accept the idea provisionally, and read more on the matter to check what other scientists think about it. Only after coming to a conscientious, he will accept the idea. It is important to understand that everyone is not going to build a practical accelerator, to verify the results printed in experiments done in one practical accelerator. May be several other practical accelerators will check and publish the results. People at large will accept the results.

09.07.2018
Philosophical investigations: interesting remark: suppose a man from childhood lives in a cave without no interactions of any other human being from birth, hunts and sleep in the cave. Say to hunt he need to get up at dawn or he has to be hungry that day. One day he gets up late and cannot hunt. What will be the mental status of him. Does he ponder about his failure of getting up late and determine to get up early next day? Or he won't think anything just go hungry and sleep a bit more. Without language he can't think! The animals will just do that.

Distance without TIME

Distance and time, the fabric of the universe, are inter woven and seems to be inseparable. If there is no time how can we measure a distance. If there is no time, using light or any moving object to measure a distance is not possible.

Suppose we have a variant of time. This variant is the normal time without the cyclic quality. If the normal time is a measuring tape with marks and the tape moves uniformly giving out time, this variant the tape is stretchable. Cyclic events are not there, measurement of time cannot be done. Before and after exist. Therefore you can take one measurement after another.

A distance can be measured.

If no before and after, measurement can be done in different different places randomly, then discard the overlapping ones and when a better combination arrives. After many measurements we will get the length. More the measurements made, higher will be the accuracy.

Taking an all inclusive snapshot of the universe is not possible. Even special relativity don't allow it.

If there is no time, an observer can keep on taking measurements increasing the accuracy by each measurement if there is no limit.

Cause effect relation

Before and after is there because effect follows after cause.
This is our understanding. But is it correct? If it is so can we prove it is so?

When we open the tap the water flows, when we step on dogs tail it will bark, when we exert a force on an object it will move etc.(But in some special cases the result may not happen).

Try to remove the human involvement and see whether the effect follows cause.

First of all how do we know that a certain effect follows the cause. It is our experience.  So will an object move when a force is exerted even when we are not observing?

We think that two events are enough to see the cause and effect. It is not so, we observe a train of events to observe cause and effect. With two events there will be a probability that a certain effect will follow cause. With a train of events this probability increases. Therefore there is a lesser probability that event one cause event two. But event ten happening after event one is more probable. When the train grows the probability increases. (This is similar to the confirmation of a transaction in a blockchain)

Suppose an observer watches an moving object, we can't think movement stops when observer is not looking, because when the observer looks back the object is still moving. But it may not be the case of no observer has looked at the moving object and there is a possibility no-one will ever look at it.

"Wheeler delayed choice gedanken Experiment, if we look for waves we get waves, if we look for particles we get particles. Even if the choice to look is made after the particles/wave leave the source the is true. The effect is before the cause. Weirdness in quantum mechanics"

The concept of time is a hypothesis. It is true as long as all effects I.e.each individual element of the set off all effects follows it's causes. When we find at least one instance where it is violated, the hypothesis is wrong.

Michelson–Morley experiment

Of velocity of light is constant we can't measure the velocity of earth compared to space.
It will be interesting to do an experiment with electrons. Make the two arms have electrons as particles, then use a quantum eraser to erase which arm the eleven came the use interference pattern to see the relative velocity. Light also can be used for this by put in measuring devices so that path information is present making photons behave like particles, then destroy the path information to get a diffraction pattern.

This is a good experiment to see special relativity applies to light waves but not photons when they behave like particles.

World without TIME

Suppose that TIME is a man created entity. If so can the world as we see it can exist?
One causality will be constant velocity. We cannot use light beams to measure distance. So how are we going to measure distance?
Take the case of set of balls spread on the floor and an observer with a measuring tape starts to make a map of the placement of the balls. If the balls ate still he can measure by taking his own time, and will be able to make a complete map after some time.
But the problem starts when the balls are given movement. He can measure the first two balls, but when he measure the next two the position of the first two has changed. Therefor he will never be able to get some sort of a picture.
Suppose he can do measurement at infinite speed he may be able to do it. This means, the velocity of balls should be very small compared to the velocity of the observer. Well when velocity comes into the scene time will also creep in. Then our measurements are not done without the help of time.

Is it then if there is no time there is no distance?

If the balls are moving it will be impossible for a single observer to map all the balls. But suppose that there are multiple observers placed very near to balls(say observers are few compared to balls) each observer will be able to make a small map of the balls near him. When we make a composite map out of all these small maps we can construct a responsible map, accurate enough to the real situation. Threes way multiple observers can can make world picture without time. Flow of time will be collection of these maps.

This system of multiple observers making a record of the physical world can be compared with, multiple nodes of a bitcoin network authenticating transactions done by multiple persons. It's blockchain technology will fix the history. That is after more and more transactions increase the block height, validity of the transaction is confirmed.

The effects like time reversal and symmetry breaking in time, in quantum theory can be compared to temporary forking in blockchains. For short intervals time is not fixed.

Existence of true randomness is evidence that TIME is not real. Randomness of radioactive decay can be treated as truly random. If TIME is a physical quantity and has qualities we believe it has, nothing random can exist, everything is orderly, nothing can be out of please. Main qualities of time is uniform flow and having cyclic events where there exists cyclic events in such a way if it is possible to put one set of events in a different set of events, it is possible to do so in such events that occur next, or after.

That the premise "if time is created by biological beings and it's unreal" someone can ask "what about astronomical phenomena like an exploding star, before exploding the star was together after explosion it is a distribution, therefore there is a shift, a uniform shift, this is proof of time". Well the answer to this is: there exists motion, change without that, not only time, the very existence of anything is not possible. But we-biological beings give meaning of time. How do we know that the star was together before exploding? An observer has taken a photograph, mental or otherwise.without this memory we cannot judge before and after.  Therefore we created before and after.

Causality

1. What is distance between two?
2. What is change?
3. What causes change?
4. What is before and after?
5. Why cause is before and effect is after?
5.1 it is because we defines so.
5.2 what happens if we define other way round?
5.2.1 Time will flow backwards.
5.2.2 EM theory works both way round?
5.2.3 Quantum tunneling effect.

What is TIME

Time exists because clocks exist.

A clock can be defined as: when there exists two (or more) mechanisms (or systems) that produce specific identifiable results in such a way, where one mechanism always produce exact specific number of results when the other mechanism produce one result.

Spin, it's an integral part of the concept of time. When something spins recurrence of a state takes place.most mechanical clocks are made from this principal.

But you easily forget that without memory there is no way to identify spin or any other repetitive event. We need to memorize the original position, then there should be a system to compare the present, repeated system with the original. Then there should be a counter to identify how many times the event is repeated. Then there should be a logical system to assume if there is no outside interference that repetition will carry on indefinitely or reasonable enough duration so that we can say it is a continued occurrence. This shows the high degree of logic necessary to identify a repeated event.

It is the same for electromagnetic oscillator, or even the cesium clock. Similarly it is the same for a pulsar, star that rotate and produce an exact frequency. Without an observer how do you know it has the same frequency? The argument is the same for earth rotating on itself or travels around the sun and moon rotating around earth.

Without logic and thinking of man no clock can be made.

These mechanisms can be natural or man made.

Since there exists natural such mechanisms we assume that TIME is a natural phenomena.

There are almost infinite (or near to infinite) number of natural phenomena. Out of the universe set of phenomena we identify a specific subset, and define time.

Therefore TIME is a phenomena created by man.

Man is capable of even creating systems that have phenomena which is slightly different but analogous to TIME, and have some characteristics of TIME. One such is the blockchain in cryptocurrency. When transactions are accepted and included in a blockchain there is no way to change it. It is fixed, like we cannot change what happen in the past. Like chronology or the epoch of time, blockchain fix the history of transactions.

Change is a universal fact. But not flow of change. The flow is a man made concept to keep track of change.

Time has two properties. Sometimes we confuse and use these two interchangeably. One is the recurring event the other is the flow of time. These two are independent. Clock, has two parts one a repeater and then a counter. So to be a clock we needs to take flow also into account.

The two properties of time, can be shown by different phenomena. Time needs an event that repeats. The pendulum swings. The quarts crystal makes electromagnetic circuit flow electrons alternatively.

Then flow of time do not need a repetitive event. It has past, present and future. It is a record keeping process.

Peculiarly this flow always needs an observer. Without observer no flow. The flow may record evidence of events without human observer. Good example is  fossil records. past history is recorded in it.

What is TIME 2

Time exists because clocks exist.

A clock can be defined as: when there exists two (or more) mechanisms (or systems) that produce specific identifiable results in such a way, where one mechanism always produce exact specific number of results when the other mechanism produce one result.

Spin, it's an integral part of the concept of time. When something spins recurrence of a state takes place.most mechanical clocks are made from this principal.

But you easily forget that without memory there is no way to identify spin or any other repetitive event. We need to memorize the original position, then there should be a system to compare the present, repeated system with the original. Then there should be a counter to identify how many times the event is repeated. Then there should be a logical system to assume if there is no outside interference that repetition will carry on indefinitely or reasonable enough duration so that we can say it is a continued occurrence. This shows the high degree of logic necessary to identify a repeated event.

It is the same for electromagnetic oscillator, or even the cesium clock. Similarly it is the same for a pulsar, star that rotate and produce an exact frequency. Without an observer how do you know it has the same frequency? The argument is the same for earth rotating on itself or travels around the sun and moon rotating around earth.

Without logic and thinking of man no clock can be made.

These mechanisms can be natural or man made.

Since there exists natural such mechanisms we assume that TIME is a natural phenomena.

There are almost infinite (or near to infinite) number of natural phenomena. Out of the universe set of phenomena we identify a specific subset, and define time.

Therefore TIME is a phenomena created by man.

Man is capable of even creating systems that have phenomena which is slightly different but analogous to TIME, and have some characteristics of TIME. One such is the blockchain in cryptocurrency. When transactions are accepted and included in a blockchain there is no way to change it. It is fixed, like we cannot change what happen in the past. Like chronology or the epoch of time, blockchain fix the history of transactions.

Change is a universal fact. But not flow of change. The flow is a man made concept to keep track of change.

Time has two properties. Sometimes we confuse and use these two interchangeably. One is the recurring event the other is the flow of time. These two are independent. Clock, has two parts one a repeater and then a counter. So to be a clock we needs to take flow also into account.

The two properties of time, can be shown by different phenomena. Time needs an event that repeats. The pendulum swings. The quarts crystal makes electromagnetic circuit flow electrons alternatively.

Then flow of time do not need a repetitive event. It has past, present and future. It is a record keeping process.

Peculiarly this flow always needs an observer. Without observer no flow. The flow may record evidence of events without human observer. Good example is  fossil records. past history is recorded in it.

Reason for traveling clocks to run slower is, there is a difference between it and a stationary clock. The reason for the twin paradox is we think there is an observer inside a traveling clock. Which cannot be.

Spin Universe

All of the universe can be represented by data. Every object, every elementary particle, that means everything can be represented by data. All data can be represented by bits. All bits can be represented by spin. Spin has only two values, up or down, bits have one or zero.

Religion and constitution of Sri Lanka

There is a big debate to have Buddhism as foremost position as religion in Sri Lanka constitution.
I think those who want to give prominence to religion, ethnicity, race, cast etc. Want to forget poverty of the masses. They don't care about poor as long as their narrow nationalist ideas prevail. There is evidence to show countries with nationalistic ideas has not prosper. I the other hand prosperous countries have distance these ideas long ago. This can be seen even in specific cities of a country. Development is hampered in nationalistic biased cities.

So constitution should not have religion. Countries should be secular. More educated are the masses, countries becomes secular. So religions are short lived. But on the other hand everyone dies. So people will always seek religion for refugee.

There is a way for state not to get involved in Buddhism, but for it to thrive independently. (But it can also create a monster that can grow beyond expectations). May be, some know about this, and don't what it. But the public should know the possibility.

Money is power. Same is for religion. It can be seen in Christianity. Pope and Vatican control most of its affairs.  There is corruption but it is controlled.

In Buddhist Sri Lanka all corruption is uncontrollable. The reason is government is doing everything. Even all monetary donations by devotees goes to the government treasury. Then all the asserts of the temples land and business are theoretically managed by the state. This is because our constitution has foremost position for Buddhism. That is in theory, but everyone knows what happens, they lament but does nothing. Like in all other sectors corruption is everywhere in managing Buddhism. The politicians, the government officials and monks steal. The reason is public has given authority to them, to do it. We need to peal out whenever we can sections from government control. That is the only way to stop corruption.

Create an autonomous body for Buddhism by law. Give it to control and manage all religious assets and donations by public. Have a Supreme board like body to create delegated legislation. This board can be compromised by Maha Sanga of nikayas. They can employ lawyers,  accountants and auditors.

With this method corruption will be greatly reduced. Also the Maha Sanga will have the control to check on rouge monks.

We will have a secular state and everyone except the corrupt will be happy.

Sri Lanka new Income Tax

Note on Assessments under the New Tax Bill

Section 163 of the old Act gives power to the assessor to issue assessments. Assessor can accept or reject the return. Assessor is empowered to estimate the income of the taxpayer. Assessor can issue additional assessments. In the old Act an assessment is a change and a demand to the taxpayer.

The word assessment, is used in the new bill in a different context, it is used here to identify the action of contifying the quantum of tax payable by a taxpayer.

In the new bill there are four types of assessments. Self assessment, default assessment, advance assessment and amended or additional assessment.

Self Assessment: Submiting of a completed tax return. When a tax return is filled this will be the Original Assessment.

Default Assessment: Taxpayer failed to submit a tax return. Commissioner General issues an assessment.

Advance Assessment: Assessment issued before filling of a return. This type was non-existent in the existing Act, accept in the case when a person is about to leave the country.

Amended or Additional Assessments: This is when changes need to be made to the above three assessments. What is notable here is section 135(1)(b) is there to rectify very evident mistakes of the return. Commissioner General need evidence to assess, a hunch is not sufficient. Under the present Act assessments can be issued on hunches or if a reason can be given - which is very different from having evidence.
"Your gross profit is not sufficient", "declared income insufficient", may be reasons to reject a return but those are not evidence, to issue an additional assessment. Suppose evidence is available with the Commissioner General of an undisclosed asset, this can be a reason for a blanket assessment, under the present Act and onus of proving it wrong will rest on the taxpayer, but it is not evidence that income declared in the return is wrong, there can be other reasons. Commissioner General will need to call further returns from taxpayer and arrive at a definite conclusion, with evidence, that the undisclosed asset was acquired by undisclosed income not declared in the return. Having material evidence goes beyond having a reason.

More work for the Inland Revenue and less headaches for the taxpayer. When the system is loose taxpayers will suffer in the hands of tax officials, resulting lucrative business for tax consultants.

The difference between gross neglect and simple negligent can be can be explained like this. An accounting error in the tax return by a lay person compared to the same mistake made in a company tax return by the professional account, responsible to fill it.
Willful neglect is when an error is made in a tax return purposely knowing well that wrong entry is being made.

This way issuing an assessment under 135(2)(a) will be extremely difficult. Inland Revenue needs to do lot of work before assessing, no loose assessments in the future. Further, currently when a return is rejected, the onus of proving it  correct rests on the taxpayer-to help the taxpayer, reasons for rejecting the return will be given by the Assessor. With the current bill Inland Revenue will have to prove, fraud, gross or willful neglect.

There is a logic behind drafting the act in these lines. Sri Lanka never moved genuinely from official assessment system to self-assessment. All along the provisions to impose assessments was included in our tax statutes. But collection of tax from this is a mere 3 percent or even lower. The officers manage to fudge the system by forcing tax payers to agree even self assessed, as charge payments. Inland Revenue officers have became arrogant in issuing assessments, this made most of the willing taxpayers shy in becoming registered in the system. I know personally a case where a person willing to pay tax on rent income was asked to produce the rent agreemvent instead of accepting payment.

Excessive workload of tax officials will be greatly reduced when they do not need to check, each and every tax return. 135(2)(a) -fraud or gross or willful neglect, is sufficient to prevent largescale tax evasion. Section 135(1) is sufficient to rectify mistakes in the return. Inland Revenue should concentrate on self assessment and help taxpayers filling the return correctly, instead of finding mistakes after the return is submitted. There will be defiantly an increased tax collection.
Public, specially Sri Lankans  detest going to police, courts and Inland Revenue, for good reasons. The new bill has greatly reduce official powers of inland revenue officers in summoning taxpayers at will for interviews.
Section 106(13) of the Inland Revenue Act empowers the assessor to summon the taxpayer for an interview to scrutinize his income. This inconvenience the taxpayer greatly. He has to put leave, find transport, find parking and pay for the consultant- most of time more than the tax due.
However section 106(14) where commissioner general can summon a person is retained in the new bill by section 123(1). By this section commissioner general can summon a taxpayer, but the difference is the notice will specify the subject matter and examination is limited to that subject matter.
Even in a hearing of an appeal taxpayer harassment and cost is made minimal.
In the old Act under section 163(7)  "..inquiry to be made by an Assessor..", where taxpayer needs to be present and needs to have a paid consultant. Then section 163(9) "Every appellant shall attend before the Commissioner General... In person or by authorised representative...If he considers that personal attendance of the appellant is necessary for the determination of the appeal, require the appellant shall attend in person...If the appellant or the authorised representative fails to attend...may dismiss the appeal"
In the new bill - wording here is not appeal but "administrative review", the Commissioner General and Assessor hearing is brought together, section 139(5)"The Commissioner General shall consider the taxpayers request and notify the taxpayer in writing..". However the taxpayer is given the option to give evidence to support the appeal, section 139(7)"Where the Commissioner General hears the evidence of a taxpayer or any other person...". The taxpayer need not be present in Inland Revenue for the appeal, his written request is sufficient.
Section 140 allows to appeal to the Tax Appeals Commission against the administrative review. Section 140(4) can compel taxpayer to provide security for payment of tax. If this override compulsory 25% security of section 7 of Tax Appeals Commission Act, this also will lessen the taxpayer burden.
Though section 141 of the bill states that the burden of proof rests with the taxpayer, this will mostly apply to default assessments issued because taxpayer fails to submit the return. (Therefore it is very advantageous for taxpayers to submit their returns in time). In all other cases onus will first rest with the Commissioner General to provide proof of evidence.
Instead of objecting the inland revenue officers should work hard to find new methods to tackle gross evasion, new workflows, methods of reporting their efforts in combating revenue leakages. We need to go forward with the new world order, or perish, like other systems of Sri Lanka.

Lal Silva - former Senior Deputy Commissioner General

How do we Think

What is thinking, what is a thought, how thoughts comes to us?

It is difficult to answer this question. The reason is when we think about this question, the other thoughts have become past. We might remember vaguely what our thoughts were, but we can't remember the order and if all thoughts are included and some are not missing.

I feel that external triggers are catalyst for thought processes. But wait about dreaming? Then three no catalysts. I think now it is believed that most of your dreams are related to your daytime activities. But we know that, randomly, we dream of past or very distant happenings of our life. It can be assumed that some randomness is involved. Even dreaming is a process it is a story. Therefore it has to be a connected set of triggers and responses, with some randomness. That is why the dream is not exactly a daytime happening. it will have slight or sometimes big deviations. It might use multiple recent daytime happenings, and some stored in the memory.

Thinking may consists of triggers made by sensory inputs.

This will include, the room temperature, some gust of cold wind that strike you, the whether in general, the gloominess, even the humidity in the air will have some bearing on your thoughts. Headache, uncomfortable feeling of the stomach a body wound that may be hurting, etc.- in meditation I found that the power of concentration varies wether I had food or was with empty stomach.

Then there is memory stored in your brain. Then there may be some randomness. When I have depression, suddenly I will get feeling of loneliness and related thoughts. Hyperthyroidism cause depression. So chemicals of the brain also plays a part in getting random ideas.

The brain also have a time keeper, this may be helped by sensory inputs, like knowing day and night. Some thought triggers come from this time keeper.

Another thing is when one thought is centred around some subject, other thoughts, will be randomly generated around this subject.

Post processing of knowledge

Wittgenstein critically examines what is knowledge. What he says is a single proposition like "I know that the world is round" does not stand alone. It stands with a whole lot of other un-expressed propositions. When taken singularly we cannot prove any knowledge exists.

I feel the way out of this is to find out what do we do with knowledge? "The world is round" we say it to others, we write this in books.

Pre-processing knowledge is, what happens before we acquire the knowledge. We might have reward in a book that the world is round.

Purpose of a proposition is to pass a message. The massage may be to another person or to oneself. To another when we are communicating, and to oneself when we are thinking.

The complex part is the thinking. Even, when a message is passed tho another, that person will start thinking. So the result of a proposition is thinking.

There are many aspects for the process of thinking. One will be producing more propositions. These will in turn create more propositions. This is the process of thinking. But this can't be the end. It the thinking process will be useless.

The end result may be messaging the senses to react or chemicals released in the brain or body, which also ends in messaging the senses.

What would be like this process happening inside a computer.

Methods of messaging can be broken to two. Internal messaging and external messaging. Internal is when you are thinking, external is when you express your thoughts vertically, in writing or from any other method.

Moore's "this is my hand" is external, in this instance he tries to do it by dual modes, verbal and visual. May be, dual mode has stronger effect of passing the message across. Wittgenstein's "saying is not sufficient, you need to show" may  also uses the dual mode.

Beleaf and Knowledge

Ludwig Wittgenstein On certinity. Questions the difference between belief and knowledge. He also bring in the phrase"what it's it like to make a mistake".

My belief on this matter:
Knowledge is when certainty it's 100%. When certainty is more than 50% it is belief. Religion is a good example, we believe that our religion is right, but we also know that there are a lot of other people who believe their religion(other religions) is right.
2x2=4 this is universal, everyone thinks it's right. We also knows that everyone thinks it's right. We say only a man out of his mind thinks it is wrong. In other words if someone mistakes and say it is wrong, we may say he it's a lunatic. Or his brain acts wrongly.
So knowledge is all propositions that everyone indisputably believe to be correct. Belief is when we think it is right, but when we know that some people thinks it is wrong.

A good example came up trying to teach maths to a dyslexic child. When I tied to teach to solve the problem, "ten apples are $100, how much is one apple?", we know to get the answer we need to divide 100 by 10. But the dyslexic son handles this in a different way. He knows it has to be either division or multiplication. Then he chose one at random, and get the answer. If a usual person who do not know how to get the result may also do it like that, but he knows it it's a mistake. But my son thinks he is right and there is no mistake, and that it it's the correct way to get the answer. Because of this he is having a learning disability, it is very difficult to teach him. He is not acquiring knowledge. Belief is irrelevant in this case, but mistake is relevant.

Take the example of 2x2=4, human brain will have lot of links about this equation. For instance there are two small boxes each having two marbles, then you pass the contents of two boxes to a bigger box, we should have four marbles. We have experience that all such experiments gives same result-4. Then our favorite maths teacher in the kindergarten taught us that it is true. There are no contradictions regarding this. Time and again this was proved correct. Then we go for a magic show, the magician performs the trick and we find 5 marbles as the result. A mistake-but still we believe 2x2=4 is correct. We know that it's a magic show, after all it's a magic show what's the use of a magic show if it shows that 2x2=4. Suppose a very trusted friend says he has experienced many times that 2x2=5, we will think he is mistaken. But suppose in a news bulletin BBC reports that a prestigious scientific lab in performing an experiment accidentally found an instance where 2x2=5. Then we will start doubting our knowledge in multiplication.

I see a link between law and knowledge. The constitution is the apex of the system. All laws flows from it.but there is no hard and fast rule in making a constitution. Constitutions of different countries differ. Some countries don't have a constitution, laws of Islamic countries are very different from other countries.
Same analogy can be drawn on different cultures of the world.
Then art and music also like that. But there is golden ratio in art, and scales in music.

Moore says "this is my hand" the knowledge of it is given as it's proof. Wittgenstein say No. What kind of proof is sufficient give example?

Zero Entropy

“The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero.” But because of minute and ever fluctuating energy levels (quantum theory) zero temperature cannot be archived.

I am referring to data compassion. Suppose we archived absolute data compassion, then all data will be compressed to one. Then entropy will be zero. For example, in a perfect crystal all atoms are perfectly aligned.The data can be compressed to zero.

In the beginning of universe, everything was uniform, nothing was random. This is beginning, zero entropy. Just imagine a square rule exercise book, here everything is fixed nothing random. This isThen imagine the vertical lines are shifted in such a way that there is no correlation of the first to the second, second to third and so on. Then there will be no horizontal lines, but suppose each rectangle is designed in such a way that one is different from the other. Say there are no patterns. This will be the end of the universe. This will have infinite entropy.

The thing is at the beginning and at end there is no information.If we imagine the current state of the universe, it can be correlated to a normal distribution curve. The current state is something in the middle. Now we do have a lot of information.

Therefore in the beginning there was no quantum theory, there was no randomness, everything was black and white, there was no gray. This was the beginning of time. If there was a big bang this was the starting point. The main point is there was no information. No entity called time. Entropy was zero.

Then the structure started to breakup. Some parts had uniformity, parts started to be random. Quantum theory came into being. Information started to increase. Entropy started to increase. Time came into being.

Now maybe we are at the middle. The information it's at a maximum. There is a part randomness, part structured. Structured part has information. Randomness has no information. Entropy is increasing. Time is passing by.

The end, entropy will be maximum. Time will ceased to exist. There will be no structured parts renaming. Then there is no information.

Another point in this theory that there is a big difference between the beginning and the end. Both do not have the same formation. In the beginning everything is structured and the structuring will be maximum and the data is compressed fully, therefore information is nil. Then at the end everything is random, therefore no information.

At the beginning all data of the universe is fully compressed. So compressed that there is no data. This data is information. Information about matter of the universe. Matter is all elementary particles or even so far unfounded particles.

Zero entropy is data fully compressed and no information. Maximum entropy is data cannot be compressed, since all data is fully random, therefore no information.

Time can be defined as the level of data compression. Time goes by as the ability to compress data is reduced.

Theory of time. Up to now except entropy, good explanation of what is time is lacking. This new theory gives another dimension. An observer cannot tell the difference of forward time from backward time. Running a film backwards, though we feel the actions are odd and unusual, in theory theory there is nothing to show there is a preferred way. That is time should run only forward and not backwards. But changing of ability to compress data is a good measure of time. Take a physical event happening. Before the event the ability tho compress data was more than after it.

This gives a definition to before and after. Before the data was more compressed than after.

Take the example of a living man and a dead man. The structure of the living man is more organised, the cells of the man function as a cohesive units, performing specific functions. But the dead man, most of the matter is random. The randomness association with time is more evident in living things, than other matter. In living beings matter is highly organised, as cells.

We may be living at a peak of information. Consider a system consisting of non-living matter such as a cyclone, when we know the data of a certain instant physics will decide what happens. If quantum theory is ignored and classical physics is taken into account, all subsequent details can be predicted. Then there will be little information. But this information is increased buy quantum fluctuations.

Then take a system of living matter. The system is highly organised, but the data is also very high. Each cell will be different. There is a difference even between same type of cells.

When living matter appeared in the universe, exponential increase of information took place. This may be the secondary high increase, the first was when quantum theory started.

It is important to state that quantum theory is non-existent on interactions guided by gravitation, unless velocity is high. That is, when matter is some what stationary, like a piece of rock, compared to a bubble of gas, will have less information. Dark matter and dark energy may out may not be associated with quantum theory. It is not possible to say anything about the amount of information associated with it.

My experience in meditation

I stated with Yoga. I stated rethamic breathing at first, tried to count the breaths, when in a Yoga posture. Sometimes the counting became Subconsions. My mind started wandering on other things, sometimes I could come back to the breathing, sometimes, It wonderd too far. But when the mind startend to wonder, doing the exercisers was easy, you tend forget the dilticalties associated with the excrisices. At first I thought it was good, then I realised, it is counter intuitive to the principals of yoga. Then I realized concentrating on the postures, you can reign in the mind to what you are doing. By and by I realised this is more near to meditation.  By now the effects of meditation was felt by me slightly. My depression was slipping slightly.

I started in using a piano timer to control my breathing and also as a timer for yoga poses. Before stating the poses, for about 5 minute I did a meditation. I am not sure how long I did yoga may be one month or two. Yoga was done in the morning. I might have done at least 5 days per week, some times 7 days.

I started to meditate more, increased 5 minutes to 10 minutes. It was not difficult.But increasing to 15 minutes was not easy. Had problems in being seated for long periods, You fellt like getting up and running, feet started aching. After first 5 minutes mind started to wonder, at first. Later, I could comfortably,  concentrate for 10 minutes without mind wondering. After 10 minutes I had to make an extra effort to bring the mind to meditation.

Made a seat from sponge, with it, it was easy to sit in lotus position.

I tried to control breathing to the timing of the piano timer. Since more concentration needed to listen to the timer and do the breathing to it's timing, it was easy to push away other normal thoughts coming to mind.

I tried different timings for the piano timer. But, always tried to time the breathing with the timer. I checked my breathing rate at rest it was about, 11 per minute. I tried to use it in the timer. Then I thought I could breath slower than that, I tried 10, then 9.

Meditating this way for 10 minutes was easy, but when it increases to 15 minutes it became difficult. The difficulty was keeping still. I think the lungs get tired with fixed breathing patterns. In 20 minutes back side of the lungs starts to ache.

It was more difficult at 9 beats per second, lesser at 10. I tried at 12. It was much easier.But after 20 minutes the pain was there. I later found out 12 was the average breathing rate. But, all along I was making the mistaking of trying breathing in a fixed rate or pattern. It helps to concentrate, but it was tiring to be in the same posture for a long time.

Little by little I found the secret. Meditating is to stop all outside thoughts coming to your head, and concentrate on the activities of the inner body, like breathing. Also stop all sensations coming from outside and concentrate on inner body sounds.

We can't hear our heart beat. The brain is designed in such a way that inner sounds are ignored. We need to put an extra effort to listen to inner bodily sounds. In fact there should be a lot of sounds. Blood flowing all over the body in time with heart beats. If you concentrate you can feel the pulses in the mouth.

Another mistake I made was while concentrating on the sound of breathing, tried to breath in a fixed pattern for the whole duration of meditation. When I consecrated on breathing but ignored the timer it became more easier to mediate and be still for longer periods of time.

In the beginning I tried to breathe hard. It was easy to concentrate to the sound. Later I tried to breath softly. It was more clam. In the beginning soft breathing did not help to concentrate. But as you get mature in meditation soft breathing was better.

Then I started to listen to heartbeats, instead of breathing. I found it was more calming. But then I found that the sound of the beats of the piano timer disturbs the listening to the heartbeats. Actually it is difficult to hear the heartbeats, you only feel it slightly. If you rest your back to a wall, the heart beats are amplified a little, and it was more easy to concentrate on the heartbeats. But I didn't like the idea of resting the back on a support. Also I thought my health was good enough to mediate without back support. Maybe later add I grow older I might need a back support. Another good effect of back support was, the backside of the lungs ache less with the back support. Anyway I continued meditating without back support.

Since the sound of the timer disturbs listening to heartbeats, I tried, the beats, one per minute. Then I found silent duration was too long, and lost all feeling of time. That was also bad, I had to stop the meditation, and couldn't continue in that day. Loosing the feel of time, looks to be bad.

Then I tried 5 beats per minute. And tried to concentrate less on the sound of beats from the timer and more on the sound of the heart and lesser on breathing. Usually I could hear the sound of breathing along with the heart beats. I found this method was more comfortable. I found that keeping track of time is also important, without that you feel lost.

Reason keeping still is important in meditation because, when you are still it is easier to feel inner activity of your body.
Try to breath slowly, then you will be hear the heart beat. It is very difficult to hear the heart beat. You hear it in intervals. Concentrate more and more on heart beat. You feel your pulse in the mouth, it is easier to feel it than heart beat. But listening to heart beat makes you more calm and time flies past without knowing.

I found that a back support helps to amplify internal sounds. Specially the heart beat. Arched back helps to get more contact, but it an ache the back. Keep the back straight. Feeling the internal sounds are not regular. Sometimes you can feel the pulse of your thumb, but it goes away after sometime. Breathing is always present. Also if you move taking the vibration breaks. You need to concentrate to bring it back.

Depression keeps coming back in flashes-very sport durations. I checked the thyroid, hyperthyroidism increased. Started the hormones. Depression going away may not be only meditation. You need to keep the proper chemical balance in the brain. Meditation may not be the silver bullet for all ailments.

Loosening to your heart, back support definitely amplify internal sounds. But I found heart beat comes in intervals like 40 seconds. When heart sound goes down, concentrate on breathing. Then heart beat returns when breathing gets calmer.

I need to add some notes. It it's much better not to concentrate on heart beat, concentrate on breathing, but it is important to breath to rhythm. You will hear the heart beat in the background, and is more prominent than when you concentrate on heartbeat alone. Background sound of the timer aligned to breathing help control breathing.

I am using a metronome,a piano timer, 12 beats per minute. I breath up at the audible beat, but I found it is not good. Best method is, give importance to breathing and adjust it to the timer, and not use the signal to breath up, it gives a jerk and hinders the calmness of meditation. I intend to buy a mechanical metronome and also use the visual input  to meditate.

Usually it should be in the first few minutes it is harder to concentrate, and final minutes it is easy. But for me it was other way round.
I tried the timer to give slow beats at first then fast beats and tried to breath to the tune. Then tried unsynchronized breathing, and counting slow beats. This put Les strain on lungs, because the pain I had in the back lower sides of the lungs towards the end of the meditation period.

I feel too long synchronized breathing put strain on muscles of the diaphragm below the lungs.

Try to get rhythmic breathing without going out of breath. Then you get the calmness of meditation.

I made a mistake by trying to do two things at the same time. Concentrate on breathing and counting the timer. You will lose both, though you can concentrate tire calmness goes away. When I tried to concentrate only on counting ignoring the breathing,I was able to get better calmness in meditation.

Made the same error when I tried to breath to the rhythm timer and
listen to the heart beat at the same time. Then the heart beat started fading away.
On the other hand, I was scared if I do not concentrate on breathing I might loose the concentration. It was ok to breath in step with the counter, then the concentration is centered only on one activity. But that forces the breathing and towards the end, and strain on the ribs, and slight pain is experience after meditation. Also difficult to get the calmness. Concentration on one activity may be the best method.

Each 10 beats of the counter keep shifting concentration from breathing then heart beat then beats from counter. This breaks the monotonous and keeps interest.

Alternatively, when concentration on counting goes down shift to concentrate on breathing. Breathing keeps you fully occupied, and brings back concentration.

When you try to concentrate alternatively breathing and timer it won't work. Sometimes I had to stop the meditation altogether, and discontinue the session. The best way is to concentrate on both. Don't lose the count, when you hear the click count. Then concentrate on breath, but don't force the rhythm, let it continue naturally. Don't try to calm the breathing rhythm forcing it, son you will be out of breath, and need to breath in quick gusts. As time passes, the rhythm may get calmer. But depends on other factors, like are you restless before meditation, you had a meal just before meditation, or did some physical work and bit tired etc.

Body Scan
Concentrating on timer beats along with breathing rhythm is difficult. If you try to concentrate on breathing, the rhythm will not be natural, this is normal. Body scan do not have this problem. You think each of your body parts, one by one, along with beats of the timer and do a full body scan.

Instead of a full body scan I try to concentrate, say the little finger of my left foot, give out about 5 to 10 beats. Then you will start to feel some sensation.

These days I have a problem concentrating. I think you bed peak health to meditate. There is a mouth ulcer that continuously giving pain, may be that is the reason or I started a new hobby, the mind wonders a lot on its details, may be that is also the reason. Earlier I had lot of time doing nothing, there was time to meditate and do yoga. Now I stared to read a computer book, so no idle time, this hampers meditation.

Body scanning meditation is great. It is much easier than breath meditation. I try to scan the fingers of the body. I use the metronome timer and give 10 beats to each finger in each foot. So for the feet 100 beats. Same to fingers in hand, 100 beats again.
In scanning first I imagined a signal sent to a finger as I hear a beet. This works but not always. Then I tried to feel the heart beet in the fingers, it don't work for tows but works for fingers. Then again sometimes it works, sometimes it don't. Then I tried to imagine some pain I felt in the tows to fingers, it works better most of the time. Try to imagine pain continuously, not only when you hear a beet, it gives more concentration. When you are old it is easy to imagine pain, because it is always there. For me sides of nails mostly hurts always.

.06.09.2017 today I me highly anxious, dissent sleep well and it is raining and not very silent, then I had to drop the kids to school because of rain and other reasons that worry me. Because of all this current concentrate on meditation like other days. I wanted to mention this because, to note how other activities affect meditation.

It is important to concentrate at the start of meditation. If you are loose at start, it becomes increasing difficult to concentrate. As time goes all physical discomforts starts to appear. Out will start to grow towards the end of the meditation period. So start is important!

Wittgenstein's language games and counting

In language games Wittgenstein takes counting very lightly. "We can picture that both the provider and the taker count by reciting the numbers 'one' to 'three' -- which are all the numbers in the tribe's language".

Counting most probably started counting sheep. To find out all sheep went out came in, knots on the rope or pebbles were compared to the number of sheep.

Though humans have 10 fingers it cannot be the start of counting because the five fingers are different. Two hands may be, but two is not enough to develop the counting concept.

To develop the counting concept you need to visually see number of similar items.

In developing number theory symmetry played a major role. Especially in division. After dividing by 2 it might have extended to 3 and so on.

Therefore a primitive language cannot have counting.

Original concepts of mathematics were created to mitigate the difficulties encountered by the brain in comprehending certain phenomena.

Maths is used keep track what brain cannot.

Language links the world to the brain. But not fully. (The main argument of Wittgenstein) certain things are not linked to language("cannot be said but can be shown")

Mathematics helps linking certain concepts to the brain.

Parts of maths is embedded in language. Symbols of one, two are examples. But the concepts of one and two beings to maths.

Million is nonsense to brain, but not to maths. When we think of million we can only think of the symbol of one and six zeros. We will also think people whom we know as millionaires. But like one or two, we cannot visually comprehend a million.

Mathematics and Time

A child was learning to count. He was saying, one, two, three, five, seven, four...It is obvious he was not doing it right, but it struck me that the order has a relation to time.
Counting, can happen without equal items like marbles. As the child did the order is time related. He was not counting something like marbles, from by heart, from his memory, he was reciting the numbers in order. He said "one" first, then "two", next "three", balance though he knew the words for the numbers, he couldn't remember the order properly.
This reflects a cardinal point! Counting is related to time. It is related to before and after.
First you have a set of labels, a set of names, say, first of all these labels do not have any meaning. One person gives an order for the labels. He recite the labels in that order. The others follow, and everyone learns to recite I the same order. That is counting. No equal items were involved.

Then counting had to be useful. Or else there's no difference between counting and a song.
When there are marbles, and while counting we will be putting marbles in to a box, we give meaning to the counting song.

Mathematics and sense perceptions

Suppose we do the following experiment. There are two marbles in a box and another two in another box. When we put the contents of two boxes to a different box. We know that there should be four marbles, but suppose we observe six marbles, instead of four.

Can we have a world with different mathematics, that can make this possible? Maybe! We think it is strange, but if it is the world order we can't do anything about it. We cannot prove it is wrong!

But, think without the box, each two marbles separated from each other, their are two groups, of two marbles. When they are brought together, in fact it should be four, can it be six ?

Now I am going to show that there is a world that this can happen. Replace the marbles with living cells, two marbles are male and the other two are female. When they are brought together we may have six. This can actually happen in a world consisting of living cells. The cells don't think it is strange. It is the world order for them. They will have a different mathematics.

So our mathematics is not independent of the world we live in. And on the other hand we can imagine that two plus two is four without the marbles, therefore mathematics is also not dependent of the world. It should be something outside, something dependent and independent of the world we live in.

Two plus two equals four, is not a quality of marbles, or any other physical object, though all physical objects reflects this property. It is a quality of the world. World is created in such a way to reflect this property. At creation it might have been different.

Normal languages interpret the world directly. Say when we see 100 marbles we instantly say "a lot of marbles".
But to be more precise, we use mathematics, and count the marbles. Then we say "one hundred marbles". The use of counting process is outside the perception part of our brain. IT uses a process learned by us - counting. The process counting has many parts. Symmetry, perception, time, memory, etc.

There are fields other than mathematics where extensive learning. Take the example of music. You need to learn to play an instrument. But anyone without any training can enjoy the music coming out of the instrument.

There is a fine distinction between algebra and geometry. We instantly see the symmetries of a geometrical shape. the number 100, cannot be comprehended without counting, further, the person who counts need to know the prices of counting. In algebra we assign x=100 and y=50, without knowledge of algebra, you cannot understand head or tails of what is being done.

Mathematics first used the digits of the hands. It expanded with writing on paper or other mediums. Then it expanded with tools like abacus. Then various mechanical calculating machines were developed. Then came log tables and slide ruler. More recent developments are electronic calculator and the computer. Future development will be most probably the quantum computer.

Take for instance profession of a doctor. A doctor will know how to identify an illness, what medicines to give, how long it will take to heal and how it will heal. The patient will not understand any of these things he can only say what the symptoms are. We cannot say the doctors brain and the patients brain is the same. But hear most of the things the doctor can explain can be understood by the patient. Though the knowledge of the patient and the doctor is not the same, the knowledge can be passed on. No need to have a special training to the patient to understand what the doctor says.
(I am not sure this is the best example but) Take the example of a computer engineer - lot of maths is involved in making a computer, both software and hardware. He tries to explain to a customer, the specifications of the computer. He will of course not try to explain the inner architecture of the computer - the customer may not understand anything. He will explain the specifications like the speed of the processor etc. Customer actually may not know what is the meaning of the speed, but he may know faster the speed of the processor, the computer can do the calculations faster.
Compare the two brains of the engineer and customer. Without special training what is known by the engineer cannot be passed on to the customer.

Another aspect of passing of knowledge, in this case the customer trust the knowledge of the engineer. For instance of he buys the computer to his son, when he come home he will explain to the son what the engineer said. But in this case both the father and the son, don't understand fully what happens, but they will have partial knowledge about the specifications.

The passing of knowledge between father and son here is more near to the doctor and patient than the engineer and customer. The main difference here is the engineer knows a lot of mathematics unlike the doctor.

Does relationships in propositions are mathematical? Consider the relation A is whiter than B. What is the meaning "whiter" ? One method of answering this question is, take a unit of area. Count the number of white spots(tiny spots) and find the percentage of white spots to the total number of spots. A's percentage is higher than B's. This is how a computer will do it, counting the number of pixels from a picture taken by a camera. Human eye and brain does it. It should also employ such a method, though unknown to us. Brain has the capability of doing such things on the fly, the eye may be doing it even before the message goes tho the brain. This is true for a statement like A is shorter than B.

Most of our knowledge is stored in the brain as memory. Knowledge is the product of brain activity. It creates relationships between memories. A structure similar to a tree structure in a database is created by neurons of the brain.
Mathematics is a super structure created in the brain. It's structure is very different from normal knowledge. Example what the doctor knows about an illness. Knowledge that 2 + 2 = 4 should be stored in neurons very differently, to that of the concept "some apples are red".

Interestingly computers, calculators and mobile phones that are used as extension to our brains use mathematics as the main structure, and tries to create data storage and retrieval mechanisms as secondary structures. This is the main reason the fusion of the brain and modern computers is far apart. For instance the problems that computer solves are very difficult to be done manually, on the other hand it is very difficult to emulate what we do by a computer.

The next leap in technology will be production of computers that act in the same lines of human brain. Then there will be a smooth link between human and the computer. All current CPUs of computers depends on mathematics. New architecture need to be distant from this and find other ways. Quantum computers looks more similar to work of the brain, but we need to wait and see.

Symmetry repetition and mathematics

Thinking in brains is shown by animals in finding of food. Strategy, planning is evident in not only in humans but also in animals in finding food. Predators plan how to catch pray.

Symmetry and repetition encouraged humans to start counting.

Ability to count lead to more and more complex mathematical ideas.

Wittgenstein's language games and counting

In language games Wittgenstein takes counting very lightly. "We can picture that both the provider and the taker count by reciting the numbers 'one' to 'three' -- which are all the numbers in the tribe's language".

Counting most probably started counting sheep. To find out all sheep went out came in, knots on the rope or pebbles were compared to the number of sheep.

Though humans have 10 fingers it cannot be the start of counting because the five fingers are different. Two hands may be, but two is not enough to develop the counting concept.

To develop the counting concept you need to visually see number of similar items.

In developing number theory symmetry played a major role. Especially in division. After dividing by 2 it might have extended to 3 and so on.

Therefore a primitive language cannot have counting.

Original concepts of mathematics were created to mitigate the difficulties encountered by the brain in comprehending certain phenomena.

Maths is used keep track what brain cannot.

Language links the world to the brain. But not fully. (The main argument of Wittgenstein) certain things are not linked to language("cannot be said but can be shown")

Mathematics helps linking certain concepts to the brain.

Parts of maths is embedded in language. Symbols of one, two are examples. But the concepts of one and two beings to maths.

Million is nonsense to brain, but not to maths. When we think of million we can only think of the symbol of one and six zeros. We will also think people whom we know as millionaires. But like one or two, we cannot visually comprehend a million.

Living cell paradox

Sell replicating factory, had a paradox. The factory will be giving attributes to the product it is making. This is the meaning of making. The number of attributes of the product needs to be less than that of the factory. Therefore theoretically you cannot make a self replicating factory.
But each living cell does it. Therefore architecture of a cell should have something more than atoms that make the cell. This something is replicated from parent to child.
But catalyst of salt crystal helps in depositing more salt molecules.
Also dividing the DNA looks very similar.

A factory needs tools, instructions for the tools and raw materials. Suppose raw material is available at suitable locations. Instructions is just memory though limited, this also can be provided. In a self replicating factory, the tool need to make a copy of itself. Consider a pliers made out of some epoxy that harden with time. Can it make amount pliers from epoxy. But pliers alone will not be able to do it, someone out something had to do it. It is impossible to imagine how it can be done. We will go round and round in circles, but will not be able to find an answer.

A solution struck me.
1. The living cell was somehow created.
2. It has a unique configuration of atoms.
3. It has the capability of copying itself and creating more of itself.
4. All started from a single living cell therefore every cell have that configuration.
5. Some part or parts allow different attributes to be present. But a certain section is uniform to all living cells.
6. It cannot be thought that universe has many different types of living cells. It may be only one, or a few.
7. Humans will never be able to create such a self replicating factory.
8. Humans are a product of cell architecture.
9. Can they make another completely different type of factory that can replicate itself?
10. If it is so by now there should very different type of self replicating factories. But there exists only the living cell!

Point in Mathematics

There is a marked difference between a physical point and a abstract point. Physically there are no points, only approximation exist. Wittgenstein in Tractatus, said certain things can only be shown and cannot be said by language. In language when you refer a physical point, a whole lot is said about the logical point. Unlike the abstract point it may have a size,a color, it will show what lies outside the point, in the logical space true and false propositions that can be assumed etc. But abstract point is just a point nothing more and nothing less. It is just a concept. It do not being to the physical world.
The same goes to all geometrical shapes consisting of multiple points.
This can be said to all abstract geometrical shapes. These can be comprehended by pour brains only by approximation. Therefore it should apply to the languages that brain uses to think about these shapes.
Maths is the tool brain uses to comprehend approximations of these abstract shapes. Engineering uses applied maths to do all sorts of things with these shapes.

Solution to Private Medical Collages in Sri Lanka

Solution To SAITM Problem

I do have a silver bullet to solve this problem. The government doctors want to limit professionals to improve their earning capacity, but do it in the guise of love for the poor public.

The government or the private sector do not have a proper response to it.

The problem started by allowing public sector doctors to do private practice, because government was unable to increase their salaries – because swelled government service other professionals also demand higher salaries.

Now doctors are a wealthy lot welding lot of power professionally and financially. It is difficult for the government to handle them.

The solution is to stop government doctors doing private practice. Also listen to their argument of protecting poor patients, and allow only doctors from government universities to enter into public service.

Current doctors who does private practice while in government service will need to take a decision either government service or private practice.

The doctors who come out of private universities and foreign universities can enter to private hospitals. The government doctors also can enter into private hospitals just after passing their degrees but before their internships. In future all doctors who get internships and higher education, FRCS, MD etc. through government funds and scholarships should be bound to do government service for a number of years depending on the funds utilized for them.

If there is a shortage of doctors in private hospitals foreign doctors can be employed.

Another suggestion is for the government to also have a private channeling service – I think this was the practice before. This will compete with private sector. But doctors will not get an income depending on the number of patients. But, specialists can be given enhanced allowances. For patients who are unable to afford private channeling should be channeled through a government hospital doctor to channeling specialists – this is the practice of public health in other countries.

By making these changes we can look after our doctors who toiled a lot, competing in public examinations, entering into public universities with lot of hardships in achieving their degrees.