Secondary Knowledge

What is the connection with schrodinger's cat and Wheeler's delayed choice experiment. In the first the secondary knowledge is blocked, until the box is opened to see whether the cat is alive or dead. In the second the secondary knowledge is cooked up, or forcibly confirmed.

27 May 2018
Leave aside the above statement. Primary knowledge is the detection of the evidence of an event by our senses. Light photon entering your eye. A sound phonon entering the ear. something like th e wind brushes your skin. The more important part is a photon entering your eye.
Primary knowledge is no knowledge. It will tell us nothing about the environment around us. To be knowledge others should also know what I knew. Others also should experience the same experience I had. So primary knowledge is almost useless, without supporting structure. Even in a court of law someone giving evidence of seeing something is doubted in the first instance. The doubt need to be cleared by showing that the witness is an expert witness, or pass the cross examination by the opposition lawyer. Someone saying something is not accepted in a court of law.

Real knowledge need secondary knowledge. Knowledge of an event is mostly, receipt of a photon resulting from the event. (Other events will have similar interactions). But it seems that, that is not enough. Secondary knowledge is other things that happen around the event. Evidence of a candle light  in existence is stream of photons emitted by it. Not one photon. The structure of the candle, the appearance of the flame, the shape of the flame, the colour of the flame, how long it was light. Many people could see it light. Then there should be a structure in the receiving end. It should be able to analyse the picture of the flame(this is done by our brain). If we take a photograph of it for others to see later, it need a camera. Also some sort of evidence should be provided that the photo is actually of that candle(not a photo of some other candle taken before). If a renowened scientist say he saw the candle light people will except his word. There is a similarity of evidence given by an expert witness. The court trust the witness. The world at large should trust the expert. Evidence to prove he is an expert should also be provided.

Therefore proof of an event is not primary knowledge. I feel both in schrodinger's cat and Wheeler's delayed choice experiment tries to use the primary knowledge to prove an event. Putting the cat in a box shut out all interaction with the environment of the experiment. Using one single photon to do the delayed choice experiment, only primary knowledge is used.

Observer

In special relativity there is no traveling observer. They is only stationary observer. Traveling observer leads to twin paradox. Special relativity treats the twin paradox trivially. This is a mistake. Because of this mistake, all sorts of mythology has crept into science, or rather physics. It's like alchemy to chemistry. Time travel, many worlds theory etc. These leads to lot of contradictions. It may be good for fiction but not for science. What we need are good solid answers, these concepts are really flimsy. They are not practical no experiential proof is available.

Special Relativity treats both stationary observer and traveling observer as same. That they have same qualities, this is done without any proof. For instance first proof of special relativity mu-meson falling from the sky, it trys to treat that their is an observer in mu-meson, as well as the stationary observer sitting on earth. This is not practical, there is no clock that falls with mu-meson.

Special relativity treats as there are clocks everywhere, each point do space have a different clock and worse than that these clocks are all synchronised. Then the traveling observer also have a different set of clocks that travels with him, and each point in space has a different clock and they are all synchronised with the traveling observer. These assumptions are not practical, and don't have experimental proof, which results in twin paradox.

According to quantum theory when an observer is present things behave very differently. Photons when we observe behave like particles, when not behaves like waves. Special relativity is based on velocity of light, so, the same theory should be applied. Moving observer with a light clock, observing the stationary observer, will not see the same as the, stationary observer. One observer sees waves - with special relativity, other observer sees particles - without relativity. Therefore traveling clock will run slower to a stationary observer. But when the traveling clock also have an observer, either light behaves completely like a particle and light will not have constant velocity to both observers or to one of the observer (more study necessary to find out the circumstances) it behaves like a wave and particle to the other observer. Another important factor is it is known that doplar effect is seen in living light sources. This also should be taken into account.

This explanation can explain twin paradox.

What is TIME

Time exists because clocks exist.

A clock can be defined as: when there exists two (or more) mechanisms (or systems) that produce specific identifiable results in such a way, where one mechanism always produce exact specific number of results when the other mechanism produce one result.

Spin, it's an integral part of the concept of time. When something spins recurrence of a state takes place.most mechanical clocks are made from this principal.

But you easily forget that without memory there is no way to identify spin or any other repetitive event. We need to memorize the original position, then there should be a system to compare the present, repeated system with the original. Then there should be a counter to identify how many times the event is repeated. Then there should be a logical system to assume if there is no outside interference that repetition will carry on indefinitely or reasonable enough duration so that we can say it is a continued occurrence. This shows the high degree of logic necessary to identify a repeated event.

It is the same for electromagnetic oscillator, or even the cesium clock. Similarly it is the same for a pulsar, star that rotate and produce an exact frequency. Without an observer how do you know it has the same frequency? The argument is the same for earth rotating on itself or travels around the sun and moon rotating around earth.

Without logic and thinking of man no clock can be made.

These mechanisms can be natural or man made.

Since there exists natural such mechanisms we assume that TIME is a natural phenomena.

There are almost infinite (or near to infinite) number of natural phenomena. Out of the universe set of phenomena we identify a specific subset, and define time.

Therefore TIME is a phenomena created by man.

Man is capable of even creating systems that have phenomena which is slightly different but analogous to TIME, and have some characteristics of TIME. One such is the blockchain in cryptocurrency. When transactions are accepted and included in a blockchain there is no way to change it. It is fixed, like we cannot change what happen in the past. Like chronology or the epoch of time, blockchain fix the history of transactions.

Change is a universal fact. But not flow of change. The flow is a man made concept to keep track of change.

Time has two properties. Sometimes we confuse and use these two interchangeably. One is the recurring event the other is the flow of time. These two are independent. Clock, has two parts one a repeater and then a counter. So to be a clock we needs to take flow also into account.

The two properties of time, can be shown by different phenomena. Time needs an event that repeats. The pendulum swings. The quarts crystal makes electromagnetic circuit flow electrons alternatively.

Then flow of time do not need a repetitive event. It has past, present and future. It is a record keeping process.

Peculiarly this flow always needs an observer. Without observer no flow. The flow may record evidence of events without human observer. Good example is  fossil records. past history is recorded in it.

What is TIME 2

Time exists because clocks exist.

A clock can be defined as: when there exists two (or more) mechanisms (or systems) that produce specific identifiable results in such a way, where one mechanism always produce exact specific number of results when the other mechanism produce one result.

Spin, it's an integral part of the concept of time. When something spins recurrence of a state takes place.most mechanical clocks are made from this principal.

But you easily forget that without memory there is no way to identify spin or any other repetitive event. We need to memorize the original position, then there should be a system to compare the present, repeated system with the original. Then there should be a counter to identify how many times the event is repeated. Then there should be a logical system to assume if there is no outside interference that repetition will carry on indefinitely or reasonable enough duration so that we can say it is a continued occurrence. This shows the high degree of logic necessary to identify a repeated event.

It is the same for electromagnetic oscillator, or even the cesium clock. Similarly it is the same for a pulsar, star that rotate and produce an exact frequency. Without an observer how do you know it has the same frequency? The argument is the same for earth rotating on itself or travels around the sun and moon rotating around earth.

Without logic and thinking of man no clock can be made.

These mechanisms can be natural or man made.

Since there exists natural such mechanisms we assume that TIME is a natural phenomena.

There are almost infinite (or near to infinite) number of natural phenomena. Out of the universe set of phenomena we identify a specific subset, and define time.

Therefore TIME is a phenomena created by man.

Man is capable of even creating systems that have phenomena which is slightly different but analogous to TIME, and have some characteristics of TIME. One such is the blockchain in cryptocurrency. When transactions are accepted and included in a blockchain there is no way to change it. It is fixed, like we cannot change what happen in the past. Like chronology or the epoch of time, blockchain fix the history of transactions.

Change is a universal fact. But not flow of change. The flow is a man made concept to keep track of change.

Time has two properties. Sometimes we confuse and use these two interchangeably. One is the recurring event the other is the flow of time. These two are independent. Clock, has two parts one a repeater and then a counter. So to be a clock we needs to take flow also into account.

The two properties of time, can be shown by different phenomena. Time needs an event that repeats. The pendulum swings. The quarts crystal makes electromagnetic circuit flow electrons alternatively.

Then flow of time do not need a repetitive event. It has past, present and future. It is a record keeping process.

Peculiarly this flow always needs an observer. Without observer no flow. The flow may record evidence of events without human observer. Good example is  fossil records. past history is recorded in it.

Reason for traveling clocks to run slower is, there is a difference between it and a stationary clock. The reason for the twin paradox is we think there is an observer inside a traveling clock. Which cannot be.

Zero Entropy

“The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero.” But because of minute and ever fluctuating energy levels (quantum theory) zero temperature cannot be archived.

I am referring to data compassion. Suppose we archived absolute data compassion, then all data will be compressed to one. Then entropy will be zero. For example, in a perfect crystal all atoms are perfectly aligned.The data can be compressed to zero.

In the beginning of universe, everything was uniform, nothing was random. This is beginning, zero entropy. Just imagine a square rule exercise book, here everything is fixed nothing random. This isThen imagine the vertical lines are shifted in such a way that there is no correlation of the first to the second, second to third and so on. Then there will be no horizontal lines, but suppose each rectangle is designed in such a way that one is different from the other. Say there are no patterns. This will be the end of the universe. This will have infinite entropy.

The thing is at the beginning and at end there is no information.If we imagine the current state of the universe, it can be correlated to a normal distribution curve. The current state is something in the middle. Now we do have a lot of information.

Therefore in the beginning there was no quantum theory, there was no randomness, everything was black and white, there was no gray. This was the beginning of time. If there was a big bang this was the starting point. The main point is there was no information. No entity called time. Entropy was zero.

Then the structure started to breakup. Some parts had uniformity, parts started to be random. Quantum theory came into being. Information started to increase. Entropy started to increase. Time came into being.

Now maybe we are at the middle. The information it's at a maximum. There is a part randomness, part structured. Structured part has information. Randomness has no information. Entropy is increasing. Time is passing by.

The end, entropy will be maximum. Time will ceased to exist. There will be no structured parts renaming. Then there is no information.

Another point in this theory that there is a big difference between the beginning and the end. Both do not have the same formation. In the beginning everything is structured and the structuring will be maximum and the data is compressed fully, therefore information is nil. Then at the end everything is random, therefore no information.

At the beginning all data of the universe is fully compressed. So compressed that there is no data. This data is information. Information about matter of the universe. Matter is all elementary particles or even so far unfounded particles.

Zero entropy is data fully compressed and no information. Maximum entropy is data cannot be compressed, since all data is fully random, therefore no information.

Time can be defined as the level of data compression. Time goes by as the ability to compress data is reduced.

Theory of time. Up to now except entropy, good explanation of what is time is lacking. This new theory gives another dimension. An observer cannot tell the difference of forward time from backward time. Running a film backwards, though we feel the actions are odd and unusual, in theory theory there is nothing to show there is a preferred way. That is time should run only forward and not backwards. But changing of ability to compress data is a good measure of time. Take a physical event happening. Before the event the ability tho compress data was more than after it.

This gives a definition to before and after. Before the data was more compressed than after.

Take the example of a living man and a dead man. The structure of the living man is more organised, the cells of the man function as a cohesive units, performing specific functions. But the dead man, most of the matter is random. The randomness association with time is more evident in living things, than other matter. In living beings matter is highly organised, as cells.

We may be living at a peak of information. Consider a system consisting of non-living matter such as a cyclone, when we know the data of a certain instant physics will decide what happens. If quantum theory is ignored and classical physics is taken into account, all subsequent details can be predicted. Then there will be little information. But this information is increased buy quantum fluctuations.

Then take a system of living matter. The system is highly organised, but the data is also very high. Each cell will be different. There is a difference even between same type of cells.

When living matter appeared in the universe, exponential increase of information took place. This may be the secondary high increase, the first was when quantum theory started.

It is important to state that quantum theory is non-existent on interactions guided by gravitation, unless velocity is high. That is, when matter is some what stationary, like a piece of rock, compared to a bubble of gas, will have less information. Dark matter and dark energy may out may not be associated with quantum theory. It is not possible to say anything about the amount of information associated with it.

Binary theory of space time

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is a derivation of a larger principal which says when information is available in a certain event the behavior of the participants are modified.

Traveling of a wave or particle can be seen as a transmission of information from one location to another. Even location can be considered as information, then traveling is change of information.

A particle is at a certain location at a certain time is information. This applies even to a wave. The difference is, a wave gives lesser amount of information.

We may be able to visualize the universe not as a system where waves and particles are located at a certain instant, but as a system of information only.

Waves and particles are a convenience given to us by our senses.

All information of the universe can be represented by a binary map meaning that all information of the universe in an instant can be given by a binary number. After any change in the next instant it can be shown by a different binary number.

Another thing change from one instant to another instant only one binary can change, multiple binaries cannot change. This may be treated as a definition at the moment, until it is proved why it has to be so.

Flow of time is a series of changes in the binary number. We do not need a different definition for time, outside this binary number, since we treat change of universe is a basic attribute and change of one binary as the basic change. The larger the binary number the smaller the change becomes. The size of the binary number is limited by the size of the universe. It should be noted that this binary number incorporates all particles of the universe as well as all waves, visible matter, dark matter and even dark energy.

This binary number is finite, at the moment it is accepted that the universe is finite, therefore it is compatible to treat this number as finite.

 Unfortunately this binary number will explain only the classical physics, quantum theory and uncertancy principal need modifications to zeros and ones. It may be necessary to be replaced by a probability function.

Further, to incorporate principal of causality, we need to connect in some way, or link two or more locations of zeros and ones.

Twin paradox

paradox is: say there are two twins A and B. A takes a space ship and travels near the speed of light. B remains on earth. After some time A returns to earth. A will be younger than B. A, since it travels near speed of light will experience time dilation and his clocks including his biological clock will run slow compared to his earth twin B- Scenario X

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It becomes a paradox why the same thing don't happen to B. Why only A gets younger and not B. B also will be traveling in the other direction compared to A.

The explanation given is, A first starts to accelerate to attain the required speed. Then after traveling it will decelerate to stop, it will turn and accelerate again coming back to earth, then it will travel to earth and decelerate to stop. When accelerating and decelerating A ceases to be in initial frames. But B always is in an initial frame. Therefore A and B are different.

This is a very lose explanation.It is very strange this explanation is accepted so long. Maybe success of time dilation experiments or a sham, obscured the correctness of the thought experiment.

Consider the same experiment - Scenario Y. After A makes the outward traveling and stops at some place, B will make the same travel to teach A. It is very obvious that now both A and B should be of the same age now. 

If we compare B's outward travel in Scenario Y,  to A's inward travel in Scenario X, there's only one difference, only the direction has changed. Because acceleration f, velocity v and declaration -f are same for both

Therefore this paradox cannot be explained by non-initial frames that A undergo. The same can be said of the grandfather paradox - you travel faster than light and go back in time to kill your grandfather, you cannot be born though you exist now.

Special Relativity was intended to solve the problem created by the Michelson Morley Experiment that light does not travel in a preferred reference frame. Therefore, logically, in one reference frame, one twin grows older than the other twin in a different reference frame cannot be true, because either twin cannot be in a preferred reference frame than the other.

Compressing multi dimensions to one

1,2,3.....is an infinite series. 2,4,6..... is also an infinite series. The total of both are equal to infinity. But strangely second one is not larger than the first one. Similarly there can exists a function that can transform each point in a two dimensional space to a single dimension. Similarly infinite dimensional space can be transformed to a single dimension.

Is this a contradiction? Can we transform space time to a single dimension. Or are there many Infiniti. Some Infiniti larger than others?