Secondary Knowledge

What is the connection with schrodinger's cat and Wheeler's delayed choice experiment. In the first the secondary knowledge is blocked, until the box is opened to see whether the cat is alive or dead. In the second the secondary knowledge is cooked up, or forcibly confirmed.

27 May 2018
Leave aside the above statement. Primary knowledge is the detection of the evidence of an event by our senses. Light photon entering your eye. A sound phonon entering the ear. something like th e wind brushes your skin. The more important part is a photon entering your eye.
Primary knowledge is no knowledge. It will tell us nothing about the environment around us. To be knowledge others should also know what I knew. Others also should experience the same experience I had. So primary knowledge is almost useless, without supporting structure. Even in a court of law someone giving evidence of seeing something is doubted in the first instance. The doubt need to be cleared by showing that the witness is an expert witness, or pass the cross examination by the opposition lawyer. Someone saying something is not accepted in a court of law.

Real knowledge need secondary knowledge. Knowledge of an event is mostly, receipt of a photon resulting from the event. (Other events will have similar interactions). But it seems that, that is not enough. Secondary knowledge is other things that happen around the event. Evidence of a candle light  in existence is stream of photons emitted by it. Not one photon. The structure of the candle, the appearance of the flame, the shape of the flame, the colour of the flame, how long it was light. Many people could see it light. Then there should be a structure in the receiving end. It should be able to analyse the picture of the flame(this is done by our brain). If we take a photograph of it for others to see later, it need a camera. Also some sort of evidence should be provided that the photo is actually of that candle(not a photo of some other candle taken before). If a renowened scientist say he saw the candle light people will except his word. There is a similarity of evidence given by an expert witness. The court trust the witness. The world at large should trust the expert. Evidence to prove he is an expert should also be provided.

Therefore proof of an event is not primary knowledge. I feel both in schrodinger's cat and Wheeler's delayed choice experiment tries to use the primary knowledge to prove an event. Putting the cat in a box shut out all interaction with the environment of the experiment. Using one single photon to do the delayed choice experiment, only primary knowledge is used.

Loosely coupled Time

The time as we understand is very tightly coupled. That is well defined. In other words before and after is well defined. We know for sure which happened first and which happens next. But it's it? Quantum theory disputes it. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that you can never simultaneously know the exact position and the exact speed of an object. Then time is not tightly defined or it is loosely defined.

The principal I propose is, we cannot exactly state which happened first and which happened next. But, we can state a loosely coupled set of events happen first and before another loosely coupled set of events.

Time is a loose concept. Our brains makes it well defined.

Special Relativity attempts to make time and also space well defined. It tries to give formulas to couple what happened in one frame by another moving frame.
Quantum theory approach is different, it accepts that time is not well defined.  The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the Schrödinger's cat is simultaneously alive 
and dead. The problem is, tightly defined concept of simultaneous.

Suppose the concept of time is something cooked in our brains, we can ask how can we see a star explodes to become a supernova and then a black hole. It is not correct to say time does not exist at all. Time is loosely  coupled, therefore, these happenings, from a star to supernova and then black hole, we cannot say which happens first, but this set of events happened before some other set of events.

Measuring speed of light

From all hetero known phenomena that travels, light is the fastest. Therefore it is not possible to measure speed of light using other methods. Only light can be used to measure it. What can be done is to mirror back a bean of light and measure the time taken to travel the known distance. This is the usual methods employed in all scientific measurement of speed of light. This is employed in the famous Michelson Morally experiment that predicts speed of light is constant everywhere irrespective of your moment at constant speeds.

But there is a contradiction in applying this. Say a light ray coming from sun, if it travels towards me at constant speed c, that ray before reaching me need to know me speed. Say I am traveling at speed v at the time the ray started to be emitted from sun, then the ray should be traveling at speed c irrespective me speed v. Suppose all is good so far, but if I change my speed to v', how does the ray know to travel towards me at speed c without knowing I have changed my speed. Forget reference frames and special relativity for a moment, my change of speed from v to v', should bring out some sort of change in the photon to keep it at the same speed c, before and after the change. The photon need to know the change I made to my speed, or else it is not to change it's speed. So a signal at infinite speed need to communicate the change to the photon.
It is important to point out that in all light measuring apparatus, an observer is involved at the time the photon is emitted and when the final measurement is made. That way the message of observer speed is indirectly passed on to the photon. So we may be able to assume that whenever an observer is involved in measuring speed of light, it has a constant speed c relative to the observer.

Then what can we say about a ray of light coming from the sun. What we can say is that it is un-measurable.

Observer

In special relativity there is no traveling observer. They is only stationary observer. Traveling observer leads to twin paradox. Special relativity treats the twin paradox trivially. This is a mistake. Because of this mistake, all sorts of mythology has crept into science, or rather physics. It's like alchemy to chemistry. Time travel, many worlds theory etc. These leads to lot of contradictions. It may be good for fiction but not for science. What we need are good solid answers, these concepts are really flimsy. They are not practical no experiential proof is available.

Special Relativity treats both stationary observer and traveling observer as same. That they have same qualities, this is done without any proof. For instance first proof of special relativity mu-meson falling from the sky, it trys to treat that their is an observer in mu-meson, as well as the stationary observer sitting on earth. This is not practical, there is no clock that falls with mu-meson.

Special relativity treats as there are clocks everywhere, each point do space have a different clock and worse than that these clocks are all synchronised. Then the traveling observer also have a different set of clocks that travels with him, and each point in space has a different clock and they are all synchronised with the traveling observer. These assumptions are not practical, and don't have experimental proof, which results in twin paradox.

According to quantum theory when an observer is present things behave very differently. Photons when we observe behave like particles, when not behaves like waves. Special relativity is based on velocity of light, so, the same theory should be applied. Moving observer with a light clock, observing the stationary observer, will not see the same as the, stationary observer. One observer sees waves - with special relativity, other observer sees particles - without relativity. Therefore traveling clock will run slower to a stationary observer. But when the traveling clock also have an observer, either light behaves completely like a particle and light will not have constant velocity to both observers or to one of the observer (more study necessary to find out the circumstances) it behaves like a wave and particle to the other observer. Another important factor is it is known that doplar effect is seen in living light sources. This also should be taken into account.

This explanation can explain twin paradox.

What is TIME

Time exists because clocks exist.

A clock can be defined as: when there exists two (or more) mechanisms (or systems) that produce specific identifiable results in such a way, where one mechanism always produce exact specific number of results when the other mechanism produce one result.

Spin, it's an integral part of the concept of time. When something spins recurrence of a state takes place.most mechanical clocks are made from this principal.

But you easily forget that without memory there is no way to identify spin or any other repetitive event. We need to memorize the original position, then there should be a system to compare the present, repeated system with the original. Then there should be a counter to identify how many times the event is repeated. Then there should be a logical system to assume if there is no outside interference that repetition will carry on indefinitely or reasonable enough duration so that we can say it is a continued occurrence. This shows the high degree of logic necessary to identify a repeated event.

It is the same for electromagnetic oscillator, or even the cesium clock. Similarly it is the same for a pulsar, star that rotate and produce an exact frequency. Without an observer how do you know it has the same frequency? The argument is the same for earth rotating on itself or travels around the sun and moon rotating around earth.

Without logic and thinking of man no clock can be made.

These mechanisms can be natural or man made.

Since there exists natural such mechanisms we assume that TIME is a natural phenomena.

There are almost infinite (or near to infinite) number of natural phenomena. Out of the universe set of phenomena we identify a specific subset, and define time.

Therefore TIME is a phenomena created by man.

Man is capable of even creating systems that have phenomena which is slightly different but analogous to TIME, and have some characteristics of TIME. One such is the blockchain in cryptocurrency. When transactions are accepted and included in a blockchain there is no way to change it. It is fixed, like we cannot change what happen in the past. Like chronology or the epoch of time, blockchain fix the history of transactions.

Change is a universal fact. But not flow of change. The flow is a man made concept to keep track of change.

Time has two properties. Sometimes we confuse and use these two interchangeably. One is the recurring event the other is the flow of time. These two are independent. Clock, has two parts one a repeater and then a counter. So to be a clock we needs to take flow also into account.

The two properties of time, can be shown by different phenomena. Time needs an event that repeats. The pendulum swings. The quarts crystal makes electromagnetic circuit flow electrons alternatively.

Then flow of time do not need a repetitive event. It has past, present and future. It is a record keeping process.

Peculiarly this flow always needs an observer. Without observer no flow. The flow may record evidence of events without human observer. Good example is  fossil records. past history is recorded in it.

What is TIME 2

Time exists because clocks exist.

A clock can be defined as: when there exists two (or more) mechanisms (or systems) that produce specific identifiable results in such a way, where one mechanism always produce exact specific number of results when the other mechanism produce one result.

Spin, it's an integral part of the concept of time. When something spins recurrence of a state takes place.most mechanical clocks are made from this principal.

But you easily forget that without memory there is no way to identify spin or any other repetitive event. We need to memorize the original position, then there should be a system to compare the present, repeated system with the original. Then there should be a counter to identify how many times the event is repeated. Then there should be a logical system to assume if there is no outside interference that repetition will carry on indefinitely or reasonable enough duration so that we can say it is a continued occurrence. This shows the high degree of logic necessary to identify a repeated event.

It is the same for electromagnetic oscillator, or even the cesium clock. Similarly it is the same for a pulsar, star that rotate and produce an exact frequency. Without an observer how do you know it has the same frequency? The argument is the same for earth rotating on itself or travels around the sun and moon rotating around earth.

Without logic and thinking of man no clock can be made.

These mechanisms can be natural or man made.

Since there exists natural such mechanisms we assume that TIME is a natural phenomena.

There are almost infinite (or near to infinite) number of natural phenomena. Out of the universe set of phenomena we identify a specific subset, and define time.

Therefore TIME is a phenomena created by man.

Man is capable of even creating systems that have phenomena which is slightly different but analogous to TIME, and have some characteristics of TIME. One such is the blockchain in cryptocurrency. When transactions are accepted and included in a blockchain there is no way to change it. It is fixed, like we cannot change what happen in the past. Like chronology or the epoch of time, blockchain fix the history of transactions.

Change is a universal fact. But not flow of change. The flow is a man made concept to keep track of change.

Time has two properties. Sometimes we confuse and use these two interchangeably. One is the recurring event the other is the flow of time. These two are independent. Clock, has two parts one a repeater and then a counter. So to be a clock we needs to take flow also into account.

The two properties of time, can be shown by different phenomena. Time needs an event that repeats. The pendulum swings. The quarts crystal makes electromagnetic circuit flow electrons alternatively.

Then flow of time do not need a repetitive event. It has past, present and future. It is a record keeping process.

Peculiarly this flow always needs an observer. Without observer no flow. The flow may record evidence of events without human observer. Good example is  fossil records. past history is recorded in it.

Reason for traveling clocks to run slower is, there is a difference between it and a stationary clock. The reason for the twin paradox is we think there is an observer inside a traveling clock. Which cannot be.

Zero Entropy

“The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero.” But because of minute and ever fluctuating energy levels (quantum theory) zero temperature cannot be archived.

I am referring to data compassion. Suppose we archived absolute data compassion, then all data will be compressed to one. Then entropy will be zero. For example, in a perfect crystal all atoms are perfectly aligned.The data can be compressed to zero.

In the beginning of universe, everything was uniform, nothing was random. This is beginning, zero entropy. Just imagine a square rule exercise book, here everything is fixed nothing random. This isThen imagine the vertical lines are shifted in such a way that there is no correlation of the first to the second, second to third and so on. Then there will be no horizontal lines, but suppose each rectangle is designed in such a way that one is different from the other. Say there are no patterns. This will be the end of the universe. This will have infinite entropy.

The thing is at the beginning and at end there is no information.If we imagine the current state of the universe, it can be correlated to a normal distribution curve. The current state is something in the middle. Now we do have a lot of information.

Therefore in the beginning there was no quantum theory, there was no randomness, everything was black and white, there was no gray. This was the beginning of time. If there was a big bang this was the starting point. The main point is there was no information. No entity called time. Entropy was zero.

Then the structure started to breakup. Some parts had uniformity, parts started to be random. Quantum theory came into being. Information started to increase. Entropy started to increase. Time came into being.

Now maybe we are at the middle. The information it's at a maximum. There is a part randomness, part structured. Structured part has information. Randomness has no information. Entropy is increasing. Time is passing by.

The end, entropy will be maximum. Time will ceased to exist. There will be no structured parts renaming. Then there is no information.

Another point in this theory that there is a big difference between the beginning and the end. Both do not have the same formation. In the beginning everything is structured and the structuring will be maximum and the data is compressed fully, therefore information is nil. Then at the end everything is random, therefore no information.

At the beginning all data of the universe is fully compressed. So compressed that there is no data. This data is information. Information about matter of the universe. Matter is all elementary particles or even so far unfounded particles.

Zero entropy is data fully compressed and no information. Maximum entropy is data cannot be compressed, since all data is fully random, therefore no information.

Time can be defined as the level of data compression. Time goes by as the ability to compress data is reduced.

Theory of time. Up to now except entropy, good explanation of what is time is lacking. This new theory gives another dimension. An observer cannot tell the difference of forward time from backward time. Running a film backwards, though we feel the actions are odd and unusual, in theory theory there is nothing to show there is a preferred way. That is time should run only forward and not backwards. But changing of ability to compress data is a good measure of time. Take a physical event happening. Before the event the ability tho compress data was more than after it.

This gives a definition to before and after. Before the data was more compressed than after.

Take the example of a living man and a dead man. The structure of the living man is more organised, the cells of the man function as a cohesive units, performing specific functions. But the dead man, most of the matter is random. The randomness association with time is more evident in living things, than other matter. In living beings matter is highly organised, as cells.

We may be living at a peak of information. Consider a system consisting of non-living matter such as a cyclone, when we know the data of a certain instant physics will decide what happens. If quantum theory is ignored and classical physics is taken into account, all subsequent details can be predicted. Then there will be little information. But this information is increased buy quantum fluctuations.

Then take a system of living matter. The system is highly organised, but the data is also very high. Each cell will be different. There is a difference even between same type of cells.

When living matter appeared in the universe, exponential increase of information took place. This may be the secondary high increase, the first was when quantum theory started.

It is important to state that quantum theory is non-existent on interactions guided by gravitation, unless velocity is high. That is, when matter is some what stationary, like a piece of rock, compared to a bubble of gas, will have less information. Dark matter and dark energy may out may not be associated with quantum theory. It is not possible to say anything about the amount of information associated with it.